ancient and medieval times essays

ancient and medieval times essays 2 million years ago, life on Earth for mankind was very different. Back then, technology as we know it did not even exist. Over the years, mankinds increased scientific knowledge has allowed him to increase the amount of personal luxuries, but not The first human beings may have appeared 2 million years ago, but they did not even discover fire until 1.5 million BC. From a purely technological standpoint, todays world far surpasses that of the old. All the comforts of modern technology are at our fingertips, and living outdoors is no longer a necessity, but a leisure activity. For most of us, entertainment is not a problem. Electronic video and computer games are readily available, as is 24-hour TV for a price. Foraging for food is reduced to a short trip to the supermarket, except for those who provide the said food. Of course, nothing comes for free, and the time which might have been spent hunting for food is spent working in offices and such. In a world of such plentiful knowledge, only incredibly advanced specialization, and an increased population, has allowed mankind to progress. With so many people, mankind has been forced to spread outwards in a desperate need to colonize new lands. With new technology, nothing is impossible, and even the barren wastes of the scorching desert or freezing artic are not unlivable. Even further outwards, the vast reaches of space beckon. All this colonization however, would be impossible without the help of technology for communication and transportation. With the invention of airplanes, flying halfway around the world in 10 hours is made possible. In stark contrast to all these wonders, prehistoric life before the invention of farming or herding was a constant struggle for survival. Hunting and foraging for food were daily activities which occupied most of the free time. Also, before all the advances in medical knowledge, d ...

College Essay

College Essay A college essay is a writing assignment meant to be a companion to a college application. College admissions offices often use applicants’ admissions essays to separate candidates who are otherwise practically identical. This means it’s absolutely crucial that your college essay  reflects  your best qualities. It might be a great personal advertisement.  Don’t leave  your admissions writing  to chance. Get college essay help from experts that have crafted and created countless successful essays for thousands of satisfied customers and buy college essay today. What Is a College Essay? A college essay is a writing assignment meant to be a companion to a college application. A standard college essay supplements the academic performance and standardized test scores for an admissions office and allows the students to give a more qualitative expression of themselves, contributing to a complete profile on their application. In some cases, college essays may be free form expressions for the students writing them, but often colleges will provide a prompt or list of topics on which to write, given an assigned word count range. This can take the form of a standard essay, or resemble a reflection or personal essay, depending on the stipulations of each college. In the United States, many colleges are using the Common Application, using standard essay topics and making the entire application process much less time consuming and more convenient for students. How to Write a College Essay To write a college essay, first consider the prompt or topic at hand, and how it applies to your life. It is important to consider several options to tie in the essay topic to your personal life experiences so that you can judge these options against each other. When you’ve decided on an experience or narrative that you feel reflects you in your best light, start writing. Follow these guidelines for the best college essay results: 1. Stay With Your Own Voice. When writing their college essays, many applicants may feel pressured to present themselves in a different light than they would in any other context. The fact is, you tend to do your best writing in the tone and voice where you feel the most comfortable. Don’t try to stretch your comfort zone to impress the person reading your essay. 2. Hold Your Reader’s Attention. As you write, think to yourself: â€Å"is this something I would enjoy reading?† Remember, the person reading your essay probably reads countless others each year. To make sure yours stands out and captivates, remember to reflect rather than simply recount events as you go through a narrative. This will help your work remain original, creative and hold the attention of the reader. 3. Answer the College Essay Prompts Directly. College admissions offices are looking for a creative, well-thought and well-crafted essay. To produce this result, make sure that you’re answering the prompt directly and reiterating that answer throughout your work. This will help you stay on-topic and remain clear and concise all the way through your essay. 4. Edit and Edit Again. You will likely need several drafts before you have a final version that you’re happy with, even after exploring all of your subjects strategies in thorough detail. Make sure you re-read over and over as you go, down to the smallest detail and phrase. Each small improvement can have a major effect on the way your writing flows, and each idea becomes cohesive throughout. Remember also to have at least one proofreader; a fresh pair of eyes can be the difference between an impressive college essay and another one the pile for admissions offices. 3 STEPS TO A GREAT COLLEGE ESSAY College Essay Format College essays typically take the form of reflective essays or personal statements. While there is no uniform distribution of content in a college essay, the following structure can be followed as a general rule for clarity: Introduction: this should be a single paragraph that provides an overview of the essay’s main ideas, answers the question in the prompt and provides context for the rest of the essay. Like a research abstract, the introductory paragraph allows the reader to comprehend the entirety of the essay before getting into the details, or the narrative. Body: the body of a college essay has the most variability, as it depends on the topic and length of the essay itself. For most college essays, plan to have 1-3 body paragraphs that tell a clear, concise and engaging story about your personal development and growth. As a general rule, each body paragraph should have a different focal point. Be sure to consider this stipulation as you plan the parts of your essay before you begin to write. Conclusion: the conclusion of a college essay should restate the central themes of the piece without simply restating the introduction or the parts of the narrative. The key is to find a unique way to wrap things up that shows the level of growth and development the applications office is looking for, clear and concise. COLLEGE APPLICATION ESSAY College Essay Prompts While college essay prompts can resemble prompts typical of a reflective essay, there may be more emphasis on personal accomplishments. Think of it as a resume, in a longer format. With more and more colleges moving to the Common Application, college essay prompts are more standardized than ever. Here are some of 2015’s Common Application prompts, courtesy of the Princeton Review. â€Å"Recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what lessons did you learn?† â€Å"Discuss an accomplishment or event, formal or informal, that marked your transition from childhood to adulthood within your culture, community, or family.† College essay prompts are meant to be complicated so that responses are as varied as possible. Get professional college essay help in order to make sure you react to the prompts in the most effective way. MORE COLLEGE ESSAY PROMPTS AND TIPS Why Is It Better to Hire a  Writing Service for Your College Essay? For a student searching for the highest quality writing for their college essays, there is no better choice than a professional, expert writing service. Using a service can allow you to craft the perfect college essay, with input from professionals who have helped countless others and know exactly what kind of writing impresses admissions offices. You only get one shot to make an impression on the college of your choice. You can increase your odds enormously by letting a writing service be your: Guidance Counselor:  Simply seeking the advice of a more experienced, professional writing assistant can take your writing to the next level. When someone with an expert knowledge of what subject matter is most likely to work, or which prompt has the greatest potential to complement your personality guides you through the strenuous essay process, you’ll be shocked at how easy the whole thing becomes and how satisfied you’ll be with the finished product. Editor and Proofreader:  When you finish a draft of your work, get college essay help at each step along the way. A writing service can proofread your work for grammatical errors and inconsistencies as well as provide recommendations for changes from writers that know what works and what doesn’t. Writer:  If you want a truly complete product to consider the option to buy college essay from that will create a perfect advertisement for you and give colleges a true picture of your unique identity. Work along with a writing service to create the self-expression in the way that you intend to express it.

Motivation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivation - Assignment Example For instance, people who do menial jobs will always increase their performance if the wages are improved (Whiteley, 78). However, it is further seen that in cases where the job only requires even the most rudimentary cognitive skills to perform, then the higher the amount of reward then the poor the performance realized. This certainly contradicts the expectancy theory. In the same way, once the nature of the job requires above average cognitive skills, then an increase in the rewards will not always lead to better performance on the part of the workers. In fact the situation gets much worse for those people who get the largest rewards as their performance usually becomes the worst compared to those who are least rewarded. 2) In a way, the message of the speaker is a bit consistent with what is normally seen in real life situations. Across many organizations, the people at the lower levels usually receive the least wages and salaries. These people are therefore very sensitive to aspects of money and any slight increase in their wages will definitely increase their performance. For instance, people who do mechanical jobs tend to increase their input in the job in case they are promised higher pay. On the other hand, the top executives at the organization receive large amounts of money and are therefore very insensitive to such issues. Increase in their bonuses cannot therefore make them improve their performance. Since they get huge rewards to motivate them, such rewards are normally wasted in most cases since they do not really affect performance positively but negatively. I experienced such a case while working at a paper making factory where many people performed mechanical jobs while other worked i n the offices at the factory. 3) As a manager, the knowledge gained from the video would be very appropriate in enabling me to effectively know how to reward

The represesentation of disability and illness in Victorian England Essay

The represesentation of disability and illness in Victorian England novels - Essay Example r themselves in all this plentitude and opportunity, those who were somehow stricken with illness or disability were determined to be of somehow lower or disdainful quality. This was largely because people tended to judge others based upon their material acquisitions in these quickly changing times. Wealth was taken to be an accurate measure of the person’s character while illness or disability was seen to be a reflection of a diseased soul. These attitudes in society were explored in books written in the time. As will be discovered in this paper, novels emerged during this time period as society’s most accurate means of reflecting on the social ills of the day and novels such as those written by Charles Dickens or George Elliot repeatedly demonstrated that the ill or disabled Victorian was somehow held to be of lower quality or worth than whole-bodied individuals. During the Victorian period, the process of psychoanalysis had not yet been published, much less widely discussed and applied to social structures. The principle means of reflecting issues common to the contemporary society was through the explorations provided in the fiction produced during the period. Borislav Knezevic says of Dickens and his contemporaries: â€Å"Professional novelists became not only providers of relatively lucrative cultural products, but also voices of great social authority, and representatives of that middle-class wisdom and success. [†¦] The novel became a locus of middle-class symbolic power† (Knezevic, 2003: 4). In the Victorian era, the novel was as much about information as about entertainment, as Salman Rushdie observes in his entry on The Nation: â€Å"The word ‘novel’ derives from the Latin word for new; in French, nouvelles are both stories and news reports. A hundred years ago, people read novels, among other things, for i nformation. From Dickens’s Nicholas Nickleby, British readers got shocking information about poor schools like Dotheboys Hall, and

Patient Interview Essay Example for Free

Patient Interview Essay Enable to conduct a study that could represent the population of hypertensive people, the researchers decided to divide themselves into two. This is for the purpose of having participants from two different locations. The first group was designated to obtain three patients from the clinic whereas the second group was assigned to attain at least 2 more patients from the university. The former was able to able to approach ten people hence only a ratio of 1:3 agreed to participate. The latter, on the other hand, manage to found two participants out of the eight people they have approached. Both groups of researchers followed the same approach in inviting their potential participants. Most of the participants were either patients in the clinic or employees of the university. The researchers explain the purpose and format of the interview, the terms of confidentiality, and how long will the intended interviews lasts. After the patient interviewee agreed to participate, they had lead to a less noisy environment within the vicinity of both the clinic and the university. The Patients Patient number 1 is a 63-years old man. His ethnicity falls under the African-American category. He has completed his graduate school and was now a successful businessman. He has been diagnosed to have Diabetes Mellitus two years ago and a known hypertensive at the early age of 36. He is insured under the Health Maintenance Organization or what commonly known as HMO. Patient number 2 is a 47-years old female. She originates from Canada. She’s a high school graduate and was now working as a cashier. She claims she doesn’t have any disease at all. This patient has no insurance of any kind. Patient Number 3 is a 58-years old Chinese Professor. He has recently been diagnosed to have renal problem, which could eventually lead to end-stage renal disease if not properly addressed. He has also mentioned that he has some fluctuating blood pressure readings over the past three years. As for his insurance, he was under Medicare. Patient Number 4 is a 37 years old factory worker from Sweden. He claimed he was a known hypertensive since the age of 30 because of his fondness to eat fatty foods. He doesn’t have any insurance at all. Patient Number 5 is a 70-year old retired engineer, who originates from Australia. Although old, he claimed that he was still in the pink of health except for his arthritis. This patient is insured under HMO, that he says he’s not worried if ever he would have illness in the future. These five patients came from different walks of life. But their knowledge and belief about their condition varies slightly. The study showed that the most prevalent issues among the participants were how they conceive the seriousness of having elevated blood pressure. Most of the participants were unaware of its complications. How can these patients be cured if they haven’t felt the danger it can bring to their lives? The first step to healing any disease state no matter how tough it is; is the knowledge of disease, identifying cause, risk factors of worsening the disease and barriers preventing the cure of the disease (Alexander, 2003). When these patients got to know their real health state, awareness follows. By doing so they can be able to grasp the notion of their actual condition Another issue that surfaced among the participants is the misconceptions they have about the origin and cause of hypertension. Many patients often perceive their illness as a burden they will carry out all their lives and that no matter what they do, they won’t achieve a normal state. This perception affects patients negatively because it impacts on their compliance; these perceptions and feelings make patients lose hope of curing (Ross, 2004). This is not true however, patients with hypertension might have the disease all throughout their lives but it can be kept under controlled. In addition, poor control was due to other lifestyles that patients were practicing (Egan, 2003). So with the right lifestyle, management and compliance, hypertension can stay at bay side for the rest of their lives. For any medical intervention to be effective, trust and communication between the healthcare provider and patients is a vital aspect. The interventions discussed would be very much beneficial to combat the increasing incidence of hypertension among the productive and elderly population. By distributing pamphlets that contained details regarding how to take medicines and obtain blood pressure through the use of blood pressure apparatus, we are escalating their awareness for self-care and evaluation as well. Moreover, thru this dissemination of information we can constitute reinforcement on patient’s education on how to be conscious of their health state. But one aspect should be included in that method. People should be taught regarding the normal blood pressure range and how an increase or decrease of this range can affect their whole being. The most significant contribution of this method is that, not only will it be beneficial to people with hypertension but it can also helps to identify those people who is unaware that they might already be suffering from elevated blood pressure. It is important to note here that educating patients about general knowledge and awareness is not enough to effectively treat or control hypertension. Patients should be thought to recognize and adhere to the importance of following their blood pressure readings daily to well control their state and prevent any worsening that could take place. Focusing on educating patients will for sure prevent the progression to strokes and heart diseases (Oliveria, 2004). As for the implementation of mandatory course, it will also be imperative to have this method of intervention because it can obliterate misconceptions. Many people think that having hypertension is not a serious state. By obligating them to attend courses they can be made aware that hypertension can lead to a more life threatening conditions like strokes and heart attacks. It is true indeed that when patient understands their condition, compliance is better as compared to those who do not have any idea of their real health status. But there is a drawback here; the course should be as simplified as possible. Because illiteracy is increasing worldwide, subsequently many patients won’t be able to understand complicated and technical words. Low literate patients will not be able to fully manage or comprehend medical devices to track of disease progression and prevent worsening of status (Williams, 1998). Keeping a diary of everyday’s intake and activity can lead to a more personal and specialized management. Thus it can lead in identifying what activity or food can be minimized to obtain the necessary result. In general, education brings awareness and can then lead to better compliance.

Gambling Essay -- essays papers

Gambling As time marches on into the twenty first century, gambling has become an increasing problem in the United Sates. The continuing problem has hurt the lives of many often leading to actions such as suicides. The problem with gambling today is it is not taken as a serious problem by the American world. According to Richard Wilhelm, it is thought of as â€Å" a recreational hobby that has little negative affects†(2). Little does much of the public know that gambling is a serious addiction that can completely take over your life. It is a problem that is continuing to increase yet people have no idea the permanent damage it can cause on a person’s life. Our job is to inform people of the dangers of gambling and create a solid awareness so that this problem can be dealt with in a proper way. Unfortunately not every one feels as if we must spread the word about the dangers of gambling. Local governments are firm believers in leaving the system the way it is. It is estimated that the city of Las Vegas takes in well over a billion dollars each year throughout their casinos(1). They then use the money to build up a city that opens up both job opportunities and cheaper housing(1). Las Vegas brings up an interesting argument that benefits its city but they forgot to mention what it does to the people that live in their city. You can have the most beautiful city in the world but if people in your city are losing their life savings and killing themselves, a discussion must take place. To often with gambling, big time governments think only of the money that is coming but not how it is coming in. This is exactly what happens with gambling. Money is brought in at will in areas that contain a number of casinos. However, the money that is brought in is not honest money or hard earned money. â€Å"Governments live off the ten percent of the American population that are compulsive gamblers(2).† It is estimated that nearly one in every ten individuals today are compulsive gamblers. One thing people don’t realize is how serious compulsive gambling is. I personally am one who suffered through a great deal of distress to my addiction to gambling. People think compulsive gamblers are weird and messed up low life’s who have nothing better to due with their time. The average person thinks that there is no way he or she would ever be stupid enough to get to the point whe... ...ation is a vital part of our world and without it, we cannot know from right or wrong. If someone doesn’t tell you anything at all, you would never know the possible dangers that lurk. Before people knew about the dangers of smoking, nearly fifty percent and up of the population smoked. Now DARE programs have been set up to teach kids that this is wrong. All over the news, we here stories of alcohol related incidents as well as people over dosing on drugs. However, how often is it we here about that guy who dropped his life earnings in a night and Vegas and shot himself to death? Unfortunately we don’t. Therefore we are not able to protect our children and ourselves against what quite possibly be the fast growing disease out there. Information is the gateway to which we base our decisions on everyday, however without it we seize to know. NBC runs fifteen second clips about how knowledge is power. We need to get into the faces of the media and protest the governmentà ¢â‚¬â„¢s stance on this issue so as our children grow they will realize the dangers of gambling and not just alcohol and drugs. We have the knowledge; all we have to do is proclaim it so that the world can know how this works.

Classic Airlines Marketing Concepts

Classic Airlines Classic Airlines is facing many monumental challenges. The key word is monumental as immediate future decisions will determine the fate of Classic Airlines in terms of surviving in the airline industry, filing for bankruptcy, or bought out by the competition. Classic Airlines is at a fork in the road. As the airline industry shares the pain with rising costs, particularly in fuel and labor, Classic Airlines is struggling internally. They are bleeding in regard to customer retention, which is decreasing by approximately 20%.Classic has one of the highest labor costs per seat-mile as they pay top salaries to pilots and other employees, even while competitors are cutting in those professions. To counter any further financial crisis, the board of directors recently mandated a 15% across-the-board cost reduction over the next 18 months. The deepest wound to keep from hemorrhaging is the internal strife between Senior Management. The entire management group needs to work c ohesively and fast before the company flat lines.How will Classic Airlines find a way to survive these pressures? First and foremost, Senior Management at Classic Airlines needs to embrace the marketing concept. According to Kotler and Keller (2006), the marketing function needs to be seen as one of several equally important functions in a check-and-balance relationship (p. 16). As seen with Amanda Miller, CEO of Classic Airlines is described as, â€Å"Her pragmatic approach to operational excellence often leaves her little patience for â€Å"soft† business disciplines such as marketing. This does not sound good and to make matters worse, Catherine Simpson, who is CFO is described as, â€Å"Catherine is â€Å"driven by numbers,† and her practical philosophies about business are frequently in line with Amanda’s. † This says potential disaster in flashing lights. Luckily, Classic Airlines is showing some glimmers of hope with other department heads. Kevin Boyle, who is Chief Marketing Officer, believes that marketing is critical to the company’s ability to move forward profitably.Renee Epson, who is Senior Vice President of Customer Service, is described as, â€Å"As the top management’s view of customer service becomes more operations-based, Renee has frequently found herself battling for the customer. † John Hartman, Senior Vice President of Human Resources, believes frontline employees represent the organization’s face to the customer and are critical to customer service and marketing effectiveness. These three individuals sound like the bright, shiny stars of the company. The second strategy that would be helpful to Classic Airlines to boost additional revenue is a marketing concept called strategic alliance.Strategic alliance allows a company to form an alliance with domestic or multinational companies that complement or leverage their capabilities and resources to obtain greater sales impact at less cost (Kotler and Keller, p. 57,   2006). In the case of Classic Airlines, it would be in their best interest to form an alliance with the top Latin American airline as Kevin and Josef are trying to negotiate. It looks like Classic Airlines is already engaging in this strategy with their frequent flier program as a member can earn miles and take advantage of hotel stays or car rentals with partnering companies.With the Classic Airlines scenario, Kevin Boyle has notes from customer conversations. This is an example of collecting marketing research. According to Kotler and Keller (2007), marketing research is defined as the systematic design, collection, analysis, and reporting of data and findings relevant to a specific marketing situation facing the company (p. 42). In the case of Classic Airlines, the leaders of the company need to discover why the customers are unhappy and shopping elsewhere. Conclusion The vitality of Classic Airlines resides with the decisions and attitudes of Senior Management.Classic Airlines has talented, intelligent, decision makers that can pull the airline through the tough times. Profit maximization and shareholder wealth will come from executing sound marketing practices as discussed. If those goals can be achieved, Classic Airlines could rise to be an industry leader. References Kotler, P. , & Keller, K. (2007). A Framework for marketing management (3rd ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Kotler, P. , & Keller, K. (2006). Marketing management (12th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Explore how Carol Churchill presents woman in the role of mother in “Top Girls”

In the first act, Churchill has created a surreal environment for all of the women. We find, during the course of the meal, that all of the women have things in common. Each of the women had children apart from Isabella. Lady Nijo and Griselda however, had to live without knowing their children because of their husbands, in both cases the husbands removed the children. Dull Gret is slightly different, she experienced living with her children and bringing them up, however her oldest and youngest were killed during war. Pope Joan does not know what happened to her baby, as she was stoned to death as soon as she gave birth, she assumes they killed it. Marlene, the leader of the women had a completely different story to tell, however she does not talk of it during Act One. Marlene became pregnant at 17 and let her sister, Joyce adopt the baby because at the time Joyce could not become pregnant. Marlene has since, had two abortions. Griselda, Lady Nijo and Marlene are all similar in the fact that they all had to sacrifice their children for a particular reason. Griselda sacrificed her children to make the man she loved happy. Griselda does not arrive to the meal until quite late, the other women are all drunk and merry and Griselda appears un noticed. She appears polite but shy and does not want to make a fuss but eventually gives into a pudding, â€Å"Oh if everyone is. I don't mind. † Marlene automatically puts her in the spot light by introducing her as having the â€Å"fairy-story† life. All of the women become interested in Griselda's story and begin questioning it. Griselda, whilst talking appears still faithful to the Marquis, â€Å"But of course a wife must obey her husband. And of course I must obey the Marquis. Throughout the story of Griselda's life, Marlene acts as if she is almost showing off that she already knows the story, â€Å"Oh, you wait. † This shows that Marlene feels a need to be included and in control at all times. Unlike Lady Nijo, Griselda spent six weeks with her first born, a girl, Nijo finds this hard to believe, â€Å"Much better to do it straight away . † Only Nijo truly understands Griselda's life and she has been put in the same position, Marlene finds it an outrage that she let the Walter take her baby, â€Å"Walter was bonkers† and obviously, it will be hard for Gret to accept as she brought up her own children, â€Å"Bastard†. Even when everybody else is being un fair and negative about Walter, Griselda remains with her upbeat attitude, whilst still shy she shows her feelings. Griselda takes up much of the conversation when she arrives, and when this conversation has ended she doesn't talk much more. Throughout Act One and throughout Griselda's life story Lady Nijo listens, and doesn't talk an awful lot about her background and history. She talks about her past in and amongst everyone else's conversation, although they listen to her, they do not pay as much attention to her as they do to Griselda. Lady Nijo does not appear as hurt and as faithful to her children as Griselda did to hers, this is probably because Griselda spent a short time with her children and Nijo did not. Lady Nijo's first baby was Akenbono's, a girl and he received it and brought it up with his wife. Her second, was to an unknown and the third and fourth children were Ariake the priests. Nijo never saw her third child after it was born and admits feeling nothing at all for her third son, her fourth child. I think that this is because Ariake had died before the birth and she was still grieving him, â€Å"I didn't want to see anyone. In Act Two Scene Two we are introduced to Marlene, a character brought in from Act One, Joyce, Marlene's sister, Angie, Joyce's daughter and Marlene's niece and Kit, Angie's friend. The following scene concentrates mainly on Marlene's niece, Angie and her younger friend, Kit. We begin to realise that Angie maybe slightly â€Å"simple† and troubled as she talks to Kit about controlling objects with her mind and things falling from the walls in her house, â€Å"Last night I was in bed and suddenly a picture fell down off the wall. The pair continually ignore Angie's mother, Joyce, shouting them from the house. This shows disrespect of the children to their mother. The childlike attitude of the children continues throughout the play, they continue to ignore the mother shouting and continue bantering as children would, â€Å"I don't want her to like me. † This eventually progresses into Angie suggesting that Joyce is not her biological mother, and Marlene, her aunt, is. â€Å"I think I'm my aunts child. I think my mother's really my aunt. For a girl of Angie's mentality to suggest something as complex as this must suggest that her and Joyce do not have a loving, sharing relationship, however, Angie's only explanation for this suggestion is â€Å"my mother hates her. † We learn further on in Scene Two that Joyce does not think very highly of Angie â€Å"I don't know who'd have her, mind. † This seems stranger for a mother to say to another child about her own daughter. This is possibly where Churchill is trying to insinuate that, at heart, Joyce does not care for her child as much as a normal mother would. Showing cracks in the couples, mother daughter relationship. Another loss of respect between Joyce and Angie is shown when Joyce calls her a â€Å"Fucking rotten little cunt. † And states â€Å"You can stay there and die†, this either shows that Joyce is now sick of Angie not listening to her or if she just does not have enough respect for her. Act Three actually happens a year before Act Two happens. Therefore the old dress that Angie puts on in Act Two, is the dress that Marlene gives her as a present in Act Three. Marlene and Joyce seem to have an awkward relationship, they are constantly bickering when Marlene first arrives, â€Å"I don't mind seeing you. â€Å"Great, I feel really welcome. † The pair wait until Angie has gone to bed before talking about her and her life, Angie refuses to go to sleep fore quite a while because her aunty is there, but eventually she gives in. Joyce then begins to talk about Angie, â€Å"I don't know how you could leave your own child. â€Å", Marlene does not react badly to this vici ous statement, she simply replies, â€Å"You were quick enough to take her. † I feel that this shows that Marlene does not know how much Joyce has done for her. She obviously does not appreciate that Joyce has brought Angie up the best that she could so that Marlene could move away and concentrate on her career. Joyce begins to take ownership of Angie as the argument continues, showing that she has a bond with her child, motherly love. â€Å"Course I do, she's my child. † Instead of moving away and getting a job and making money, Joyce took Marlene's baby and gave it a life. The relationship between Marlene and Joyce begins to break up as the two begin to blame each other for the mistakes they have made in life, â€Å"I did get pregnant and I lost it because I was so tired looking after your fucking baby. The Act ends with Joyce and Marlene apologising and Joyce going to bed, leaving Marlene alone to have another drink. Angie then wakes up calling for her mother and walks downstairs, when Angie realises that its Marlene sat there and Joyce has gone to bed she only mutters two words, â€Å"frightening† â€Å"frightening† . This symbolises Angie's weirdness and simple mindedness. Is she speaking about the conversation between Joyce and Marlene or is she speaking about the fact that she thought Marlene was her mother ?

Basic Tenets of Animal Rights

Basic Tenets of Animal Rights Animal rights refers to the belief that animals have an intrinsic value separate from any value they have to humans  and are worthy of moral consideration. They have a right to be free from oppression, confinement, use and abuse by humans. The idea of animal rights may be difficult for some people to fully accept. This is because, throughout the world, animals are abused and killed for a wide variety of socially acceptable purposes, though what is socially acceptable is, of course, culturally relative. For example, while eating dogs may be morally offensive to some, many would react similarly to the practice of eating cows.   At the heart of the animal rights movement are two basic principles: the rejection of speciesism, and the knowledge that animals are sentient beings. Speciesism Speciesism is the disparate treatment of individual beings, based solely on their species. It is frequently compared to racism or sexism. Whats Wrong With Speciesism? Animal rights is based on the belief that treating a non-human animal differently just because the animal belongs to a different species is arbitrary and morally wrong. Of course, there are differences between human and non-human animals, but the animal rights community believes that those differences are not morally relevant. For example, many believe that humans have some cognitive abilities that are different from or higher than other animals, but, for the animal rights community, cognitive ability is not morally relevant. If it were, the smartest humans would have more moral and legal rights than other humans who were deemed intellectually inferior. Even if this difference were morally relevant, this trait does not apply to all humans. A person who is profoundly mentally retarded does not have the reasoning capabilities of an adult dog, so cognitive ability cannot be used to defend speciesism. Arent Humans Unique? The traits that were once believed to be unique to humans have now been observed in non-human animals. Until other primates were observed making and using tools, it was believed that only humans could do so. It was also once believed that only humans could use language, but we now see that other species communicate verbally in their own languages and even use human-taught languages. In addition, we  now know that animals have self-awareness, as demonstrated by the animal mirror test. However, even if these or other traits were unique to humans, they are not considered morally relevant by the animal rights community. If we cannot use species to decide which beings or objects in our universe deserve our moral consideration, what trait can we use? For many animal rights activists, that trait is sentience. Sentience Sentience is the ability to suffer. As philosopher Jeremy Bentham wrote, â€Å"the question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?† Because a dog is capable of suffering, a dog is worthy of our moral consideration. A table, on the other hand, is incapable of suffering, and is therefore not worthy of our moral consideration. Although harming the table may be morally objectionable if it compromises the economic, esthetic or utilitarian value of the table to the person who owns or uses it, we have no moral duty to the table itself. Why is Sentience Important? Most people recognize that we should not engage in activities that cause pain and suffering to other people. Inherent in that recognition is the knowledge that other people are capable of pain and suffering. If an activity causes undue suffering to someone, the activity is morally unacceptable. If we accept that animals are capable of suffering, it is therefore morally unacceptable to cause them undue suffering. To treat animal suffering differently from human suffering would be speciesist. What is Undue Suffering? When is suffering justified? Many animal activists would argue that since humans are capable of living without animal-based foods, living without animal entertainment and living without cosmetics tested on animals, these forms of animal suffering have no moral justification. What about medical research? Non-animal medical research is available, although there is quite a bit of debate over the scientific value of animal research versus non-animal research. Some argue that results from animal experimentation are not applicable to humans, and we should conduct research on human cell and tissue cultures, as well as human subjects who provide voluntary and informed consent. Others argue that a cell or tissue culture cannot simulate a whole animal, and animals are the best available scientific models. All would probably agree that there are certain experiments that cannot be done on humans, regardless of informed consent. From a pure animal rights standpoint, animals should not be treated differently from humans. Since involuntary human experimentation is universally condemned regardless of its scientific value and animals are incapable of giving voluntary consent to an experiment, animal experimentation should also be condemned. Maybe Animals Dont Suffer? Some might argue that animals do not suffer. A 17th century philosopher, Rene Descartes, argued that animals operated like clocks- intricate machines that have instincts, but do not suffer or feel pain. Most people who have lived with a companion animal would probably disagree with Descartes’ assertion, having observed the animal first-hand and watched how the animal reacts to hunger, pain, and fear. Animal trainers are also aware that beating an animal will often produce the desired results, because the animal quickly learns what needs to be done in order to avoid suffering. Isnt the Use of Animals Justified? Some may believe that animals suffer, but argue that animal suffering is justified in certain instances. For example, they may argue that slaughtering a cow is justified because that slaughter serves a purpose and the cow will be eaten. However, unless that same argument applies equally to the slaughter and consumption of humans, the argument is based in speciesism.

Unbiased and Biased Estimators

Unbiased and Biased Estimators One of the goals of inferential statistics is to estimate unknown population parameters. This estimation is performed by constructing confidence intervals from statistical samples. One question becomes, â€Å"How good of an estimator do we have?† In other words, â€Å"How accurate is our statistical process, in the long run, of estimating our population parameter. One way to determine the value of an estimator is to consider if it is unbiased. This analysis requires us to find the expected value of our statistic. Parameters and Statistics We start by considering parameters and statistics. We consider random variables from a known type of distribution, but with an unknown parameter in this distribution. This parameter made be part of a population, or it could be part of a probability density function. We also have a function of our random variables, and this is called a statistic. The statistic (X1, X2, . . . , Xn) estimates the parameter T, and so we call it an estimator of T. Unbiased and Biased Estimators We now define unbiased and biased estimators. We want our estimator to match our parameter, in the long run. In more precise language we want the expected value of our statistic to equal the parameter. If this is the case, then we say that our statistic is an unbiased estimator of the parameter. If an estimator is not an unbiased estimator, then it is a biased estimator. Although a biased estimator does not have a good alignment of its expected value with its parameter, there are many practical instances when a biased estimator can be useful. One such case is when a plus four confidence interval is used to construct a confidence interval for a population proportion. Example for Means To see how this idea works, we will examine an example that pertains to the mean. The statistic (X1 X2 . . . Xn)/n is known as the sample mean. We suppose that the random variables are a random sample from the same distribution with mean ÃŽ ¼. This means that the expected value of each random variable is ÃŽ ¼. When we calculate the expected value of our statistic, we see the following: E[(X1 X2 . . . Xn)/n] (E[X1] E[X2] . . . E[Xn])/n (nE[X1])/n E[X1] ÃŽ ¼. Since the expected value of the statistic matches the parameter that it estimated, this means that the sample mean is an unbiased estimator for the population mean.

Security challenges within Eurasia (Caucasus and Caspian basin) Essay

Security challenges within Eurasia (Caucasus and Caspian basin) - Essay Example Research shows that the basin holds about 100 billion barrels of gas and oil and stretches about the area of Northern Europe. Considering the size of the basin and its energy potential, the area is a very important for Europe and surrounding countries which are no less interested in harvesting the oil and gas. Furthermore, the region is supposed to be important in the redevelopment of the Silk Road that historically connected Europe and Asia. In this sense, the rout to be used in the transportation of energy resources has remained a security challenge as different countries prefer the use of different routes. NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and EAPC (Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council) countries are greatly interested in the Caspian basin and Caucasus region for the factors stated here above. On the other hand, Russia’s relationship with Central Asian as well as South Caucasus countries is perceived to be motivated toward the redrawing of former Soviet Unionâ€⠄¢s old lines3. In other words, Russia wants the countries in these regions to get into its circle of influence.